You are using an outdated browser. Upgrade your browser today for a better experience of this site and many others.
Northampton: 01604 630745 Rugby: 01788 575037 Email us
Research and development (R&D) by companies is being actively encouraged through a range of tax incentives, which we consider in the points below.
Research and development (R&D) by companies is being actively encouraged through a range of tax incentives including an increased deduction for R&D revenue spending and a payable R&D tax credit for companies not in profit. At J R Watson & Co Accountants, we can provide R&D advice for your company in the Northampton and Rugby area.
Research and development (R&D) by UK companies is being actively encouraged by the government through a range of tax incentives. The government views investment in R&D as a key to economic success. It is committed to driving innovation in the economy by encouraging more companies to claim R&D tax relief.
An SME is a UK limited company subject to UK Corporation Tax (CT) where the company (or the group to which it belongs) employs 500 or fewer full time equivalent members of staff AND
The incentives include:
The government is committed to improving access to R&D which highlights the need for more companies to understand what relief is available and how the process of claiming tax relief works. Here we consider how the incentives work.
A company can claim enhanced deductions against its taxable profits for expenditure which is qualifying R&D expenditure. The amount of the enhancement has increased over the years and is currently 130%. This amount is in addition to the actual expenditure (ie a 230% total deduction). R&D enhanced relief represents an additional corporation tax reduction of 24.7% of the expenditure incurred.
If the R&D claim creates a tax loss, then the company may be able to surrender the loss for a cash repayment. This is currently calculated at 14.5%. A surrendered loss could therefore give a repayment of up to 33.35% of the expenditure.
Where the company incurs qualifying R&D expenditure before it starts to trade, it can elect to treat 230% of that expenditure as a trading loss for that pre-trading period. The pre-trading loss created by the R&D relief can then be surrendered, as above, which could provide much needed cash flow for new companies.
Qualifying R&D capital expenditure incurred by a company would be eligible for 100% research and development allowance. Details of this allowance are not provided in this summary.
A company has adjusted net profits of £50,000 before an R&D claim and allowable R&D expenditure of £70,000.
The enhanced claim is therefore £70,000 x 130% = £91,000.
Deducting this from the adjusted profits gives a loss of £41,000.
The company decides to surrender this loss for a cash repayment. The amount they would receive is £41,000 x 14.5% = £5,945.
The government has consulted and proposed that, to help prevent abuse of the R&D tax relief by artificial corporate structures, the amount that a loss-making company can receive in R&D tax credits will be capped at £20,000 or three times its total PAYE and NICs liability, if approved by parliament this measure will apply from April 2021.
The SME scheme is not available if the R&D project has had the benefit of a grant or subsidy or if the company (or group) does not meet the SME criteria above. There may, however, be an alternative claim available to the company. This is known as the Research and Development Expenditure Credit scheme (RDEC). RDEC allows the company to claim a taxable credit of 13% (12% prior to 1 April 2020) of eligible expenditure. As this amount is taxable it is known as an ‘above the line’ credit. The credit received may be used to settle corporation tax liabilities of the current, future or prior periods subject to certain limitations and calculations. Where there is no corporation tax due the amount can be used to settle other tax debts or can be repaid net of tax.
The RDEC relief is also available to an SME for expenditure incurred on R&D that is contracted to it by a large company.
R&D relief can only be claimed by companies that have incurred expenditure on qualifying R&D projects that are relevant to the company's trade. A project should address an area of scientific or technological uncertainty and be innovative. The innovation needs to be an improvement in the overall knowledge in the relevant field of research, not just an advancement for the company. Qualifying projects could include those which:
An important point to appreciate is that the activity does not have to create something completely new from scratch. It could include:
Companies should document the uncertainties and planned innovation at the start of a project to provide evidence to support an R&D claim.
Once the company is comfortable that R&D is taking place, then the next step is to identify the activities of the business that relate to the R&D activity. There are essentially two types of activities:
Examples of direct activities are:
Examples of indirect activities are:
Indirect activities all have to be undertaken for the R&D project.
The R&D project begins when the work to resolve the scientific or technological uncertainty starts and ends when that uncertainty is resolved. It is therefore beneficial for companies to keep a timeline of activities and their purposes to detail when the business starts to move into the production phase to optimise their claims.
Qualifying expenditure which is incurred on activities which are either directly or indirectly related to the R&D project fall into different categories. These are as follows:
To be eligible, expenditure must be revenue in nature and paid by the time that the R&D claim is accepted. This means any accruals for expenditure have to be monitored carefully after the year end to make sure that they are paid and not written back to profit.
Further detail on some of these categories is provided below.
The staff costs include employees and director staff costs ie salaries, employer pension contributions, employers’ NIC but not non-cash benefits-in-kind or dividends. Where an employee or director only spends part of their time on an R&D project then the costs are apportioned. The relevant staff are those involved in the directly and indirectly related activities highlighted above.
The indirect activity list included categories for 'supporting' and 'ancillary' services. The staff who perform these services should be providing supporting or ancillary services for the R&D project and not for the other people who are directly involved in the R&D project.
If directors are taking dividends from the company rather than salaries it may be more beneficial to consider reviewing this for any directors substantially involved in R&D projects.
Materials that are consumed or transformed in the R&D activity are eligible expenditure. Items included would have to be items which were consumed or transformed so that they were no longer usable in their original form. This would therefore include:
Any consumables or transformable materials that are included in a product that is sold, transferred or hired out will not be qualifying expenditure for R&D relief.
Where the SME subcontracts qualifying R&D work to a subcontractor, the SME can claim a deduction for the cost of the subcontractor work. The amount that can be claimed depends on whether the SME is connected to the subcontractor but generally it is 65% of qualifying costs. Similar rules apply to externally provided workers.
Companies can claim R&D tax relief in the Corporation Tax (CT) return for the period when the expenditure is charged in the accounts of the company with a deadline of 2 years following the end of the accounting period in which the expenditure was incurred, to make any amendments to that CT return. This means for expenditure on a qualifying project identified after the CT return has been filed with HMRC there remains a window to make this claim.
A company has an accounting period running from 1 April 2018 to 31 March 2019.
The CT return is filed by the due date of 31 March 2020.
Later a qualifying R&D project is identified as running from 1 June 2018 to 31 December 2019.
The previously filed CT return can be amended at any time up to 31 March 2021 to include the expenditure incurred in the accounts period ended 31 March 2019.
The expenditure incurred to the end of the project on 31 December 2019 is claimed as usual in the CT return due to be filed by 31 March 2021.
HMRC has specialist offices which are able to offer advice on R&D claims. HMRC also offers an Advance Clearance Service for R&D.
Obtaining tax relief for companies incurring R&D expenditure can only be achieved if the relevant conditions are met. It is therefore vital that professional advice is sought at an early stage. If your company is in the Northampton and Rugby area we would welcome the chance assist you in this area. Please do not hesitate to contact us at J R Watson & Co Accountants.
06 Jan 2021
Chancellor Rishi Sunak has announced a new £4.6 billion package of grants to support businesses through the latest national lockdown.
Chancellor Rishi Sunak has extended the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (CJRS) until the end of April 2021.
HMRC has issued some guidance to taxpayers that deferred their VAT payments between 20 March and 30 June 2020 and still have payments to make.
Would you like to download our mobile app from the App Store?